United States v. Minnesota (Sanctuary laws, 2025 Sep)

The anti-commandeering doctrine permits Minnesota to decline voluntary participation in federal immigration enforcement, but the critical application question is whether Minnesota's specific restrictions--prohibiting detainer compliance without judicial warrants and blocking information-sharing--constitute permissible non-cooperation or affirmative obstruction that falls outside federalism's protective scope. The court must examine whether these statutory requirements serve legitimate state interests in due process and civil rights protection, or whether they function as pretext for systemic obstruction of federal enforcement that lacks independent justification beyond obstructing immigration agents' operations. The resolution hinges on distinguishing between states' constitutional right to withhold resources and participation from federal programs versus state laws designed to actively prevent federal enforcement from functioning within their borders.